Genetic Mutations (Breast Cancer)

Breast Cancer is an genetic mutation. Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply without control or order to form a tumor. The most common form of breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts that carry milk to the nipple (ductal cancer). Other forms of breast cancer begin in the glands that produce milk (lobular cancer) or in other parts of the breast.
Early breast cancer usually does not cause pain and may exhibit no noticeable symptoms. As the cancer progresses, signs and symptoms can include a lump or thickening in or near the breast; a change in the size or shape of the breast; nipple discharge, tenderness, or retraction (turning inward); and skin irritation, dimpling, or scaliness. These changes can occur as part of many different conditions, however. Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean that a person definitely has breast cancer.
In some cases, cancerous tumors can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body. If breast cancer spreads, cancerous cells most often appear in the bones, liver, lungs, or brain. Tumors that begin at one site and then spread to other areas of the body are called metastatic cancers.
A small percentage of all breast cancers cluster in families. Hereditary cancers are those associated with inherited gene mutations. Hereditary breast cancers tend to occur earlier in life than noninherited (sporadic) cases and are more likely to involve both breasts

A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type of mutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.

WHAT IS SERVICE LEARNING?

Service-learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities.

WHAT IS SERVICE LEARNING

MY OPINION ON SERVICE LEARNING

I THINK THAT DOING SERVICE LEARNING HELP PEOPLE IN GENERAL, NO MATTER WHAT AGE OR RACE YOU ARE. IT SURELY KEPT ME OUT OF TROUBLE IN MIDDLE SCHOOL WHEN I ATTENDED A PROGRAM CALLED "CITY YEAR". I ALSO REALLY FELT GOOD AT THE END OF EACH SATURDAY BECAUSE I FELT THAT I GAVE UP MY TIME TO HELP OTHERS. THE THINGS THAT I DID WAS PLANTING GARDENS, GOING TO ELDERLY HOMES, AND THINGS OF THAT NATURE.

HOWS DOES SERVICE LEARNING IMPACT ME AND MY FELLOW CLASSMATES...

• Middle and high school students who engaged in quality service-learning programs showed increases in measures of personal and social responsibility, communication and sense of educational competence (Weiler, et. al., 1998).
• Students who engaged in service-learning ranked responsibility as a more important value and reported a higher sense of responsibility to their school than comparison groups (Leming, 1998).
• Students perceive themselves to be more socially competent after engaging in service-learning.
• Students who engaged in service-learning are more likely to treat each other kindly, help each other and care about doing their best.
• Students who engaged in service-learning are more likely to increase their sense of self-esteem and self-efficacy.
• Middle school male students reported increased self-esteem and fewer behavioral problems after engaging in service-learning (Switzer, et. al., 1995).
  
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What Im Doing For Service Learning...

I'm continuing what I did last year for service learning. I'm going to my old school to help out with the students. Also i will help out with the athletics department at my old elementary school.

oooooppppssss he got caught...

Prostitution And Sexual Offenses

Sex Offenses - An Overview

Sex offenses include a myriad of criminal sexual behaviors, ranging from prostitution to rape. If you or someone you know has been charged with committing a sex offense, it is very important to contact a criminal defense attorney to obtain the legal representation. The penalties for a sex offense conviction can be serious and life-changing, but many defenses are available. Contacting an attorney as soon as possible allows the evidence to be evaluated and witnesses to be questioned soon after the event, providing the best opportunity for a successful defense. A criminal defense attorney has the experience and skill to begin preparing your defense as soon as retained.

What Is A Sex Offense?

Sex offenses include all forms of illegal sexual activity, ranging from the crime of rape, usually defined as sexual penetration without consent, to the crime of prostitution, usually defined as sex for hire. The most serious crimes involve the sexual assault of children or include physical injury. Other sex offenses include public indecency, voyeurism, prostitution, solicitation, pornography, date rape, lewd acts, pandering, pimping, statutory rape and unlawful sodomy.

Generally, sexual assault includes unwanted physical contact with a sexual organ. In some states, the laws also prohibit aggressive sexually suggestive statements, without requiring physical contact. Physical contact is considered unwanted if the victim refused, physically objected or was unable to give legal consent. It is not necessary to show that the accuser physically resisted. Current laws are usually gender-neutral, so they protect all sexual assault victims. If you are accused of a sex offense, it is crucial that you seek the services of a defense attorney experienced in defending such crimes.

Misdemeanor or Felony?

Most sexual abuse and sexual assault crimes are felonies. Lesser offenses, such as public indecency are often misdemeanors. The decision whether to charge a person with a misdemeanor or felony rests with the prosecutor. A criminal defense attorney, if contacted early enough during the investigation, may be able to minimize the charges that you face. Each state's statutes provide for different crimes, definitions, punishments and guidelines. A criminal defense attorney well versed in the laws of your state can help you evaluate your situation and prepare your defense.

Prosecution and Defenses

Many sex offense acts have no witnesses, so prosecutorial decisions are made on the strength of other evidence and on the credibility of the parties. Because of the nature of the crime, false accusations can occur, and it can be difficult to defend against such charges. If you or a loved one has been arrested or charged with a sex offense, the most important call you can make will be to your criminal defense lawyer so he or she can begin investigating your case and defending your rights as soon as possible. Conviction of a sex offense can bring severe penalties and change your life forever. Prison is only part of the equation - you may also lose parental rights and be required to register as a sex offender for the rest of your life. An aggressive and experienced criminal defense attorney will help you obtain the best possible results under the law and facts of your case and may be able to get your charges reduced or dismissed.

The prosecutor must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant committed a sex offense. The available defenses vary greatly from crime to crime, but may include consent, insufficient evidence, innocence and other defenses. In many cases, mitigating circumstances may reduce or negate your criminal culpability. A criminal defense attorney can ensure that the prosecutor has not ignored evidence that is in your favor. Your defense attorney will consider gathering evidence to support your defenses, possibly including a psychological evaluation, evidence showing the victim has a motive not to tell the truth or a history of not telling the truth, evidence of the victim's mental state or tendency to fantasize or to form false memories, supporting medical evidence and opinions and other evidence showing that you are innocent or committed only a lesser included offense. Therefore, you must contact a criminal defense attorney to begin the defensive investigation as soon as possible.

Conclusion

Being charged with a sex offense can lead to serious consequences, including jail time, probation, parole, significant fines, registration requirements, loss of the right to vote or own a weapon and being shunned by society. If you are accused of a sex offense, you should speak to an attorney immediately to learn more about your rights, your defenses and the legal system. If you are facing sexual offense charges, you need the aggressive defense that an experienced defense attorney will provide.

The Market for Street Prostitutes in Chicago

One of the most intriguing papers in New Orleans was preliminary work by celebrity economist Steve Levitt of the University of Chicago and sociologist Sudhir Venkatesh of Columbia University.
Venkatesh, who is no stranger to investigations of underground economies, hired former street prostitutes in the south side of Chicago to act as pollsters. The women stood on corners in three neighborhoods (Roseland, Pullman and Washington Park) and collected data from over 100 prostitutes on 2,000 transactions. The numbers confirm the view that the life of a street prostitute is far from easy. The women were beaten up by their clients once a month on average and the sex acts requested by these clients were often "mind boggling," Levitt said.

"The availability of premarital sex has largely crowded out standard garden variety prostitution," Levitt told the packed room. "What's left is a lot of stuff that the market of wives and girlfriends won't easily provide."

How things have changed. In the 1930-40's, some 50 percent of men lost their virginity to prostitutes, but to have a first sexual experience with a prostitute these days is a rarity. Using data from the Chicago police department, the researchers showed that prostitution arrests -- mostly the men seeking out sex -- happen in just 0.3 percent of all city blocks, meaning that the market for street prostitution is highly concentrated compared with other types of crime in the city. (The police department in Chicago posts mug shots of those arrested here.) But we also learn that the police aren't much interested in arresting prostitutes.

"If you're a prostitute in our data, you're more likely to have sex with an off-duty police officer than to be arrested by an off-duty police officer," Levitt said. In the neighborhood of Pullman, there was only one arrest made during the time Levitt and Venka collected data nearby Roseland had many more. What was the difference between the two neighborhoods? Pullman prostitutes tended to have pimps while Roseland prostitutes flew solo.

Pimps, it turns out, did a good job of directing customers to prostitutes and paid the women better wages. In fact, women in the survey who found out that the researchers had pimp connections asked to be put in touch with the pimps. Prostitutes in the study worked 11 to 12 hours a week and made between $25- to $35-an-hour compared with an average of $7-an-hour for other types income opportunities. (In contrast, Levitt said a female friend stopped working as a computer scientist and is now a high-priced call girl making well over $100,000 per year.)

Safe sex wasn't on the minds of prostitutes in this "bottom of the barrel" market, Levitt said, as condoms were used in only five percent of all transactions. And about 5 percent of all tricks were freebies given to police officers or gang members. The supply of prostitutes was also quite fluid.

During warm weather holidays, Washington Park attracts a number of family reunions which had the curious side effect of driving up demand for prostitutes. Still, Levitt and Venkatesh found that the price of tricks didn't rise in response. As might be expected, prostitutes from other neighborhoods flowed into the area to soak up demand. But more surprisingly, women who didn't typically turn tricks also found the holidays a good time to make some extra money -- it seems that the stigma attached with prostitution is less pronounced in these areas.

The prostitutes in the study also practiced some ethnic price discrimination. If the customer was black (as were all the prostitutes in the study), the women would make the first price quote. But white customers where asked to name the first price in the hopes that the amount would be much higher than the typical transaction. Repeat customers who were black also paid a lot less than average, but that wasn't the case for whites. Levitt and Venkatesh's full results will be featured in the upcoming sequel to Freakonomics.

BLOOMS TAXONOMY

1.Knowledge - What happened when Jack and Bigger left the pool room?
-When they left the pool room they went to tehe movie theatre.

2. Comprehension - What differences exist between Bigger and Buddy?
-Bigger is the son that does not listen to his mother, he is also the man of his house. Buddy is the obedient son. He cares about his family.

3. Application - What factor cold have possibliy changed if Bigger was th eone found in the fire place?
-The incident wouldn't have made it to the press because he was blacka nd he already had a record.

4. Analysis - What were some of the motives behind Bigger starting a fight with us?
-Bigger was scared of robbing Old Blum's and Gus wasn't sure the he wanted to rob him so they started fighting.

5. Synthesis - Can you see a possible solution to Bigger scaring his sister with the rat?
-There could have been more possible solutions for Bigger when he killed the rat. He could of just tookthe rat to the trash like his mother asked him. Being the disobedient son instead of listening to his mother he scared his sister.

6 Evaluation - How would you have handled the situation when Mary told you that she wasn't going to the university?
-If I was the driver and she told me she was going to meet a friend and she wasn't going to the university I would of drove her where she wanted to go. Even though by doing that I could of got in trouble by her parents I wouldn't of cared. If I would of got in trouble I would of just took the blame because I know her parents wouldn't of believed me. Since I was black I could of lost my job and her parents wold of believed her because they think she is a good girl.

NATIVE SON: CHAPTER THREE

Chapter 3 starts on page 22 when Bigger and Gus enters the poolroom. The chapter ends on page 29 when they leave the poolroom, this chapter should be called “THE PLAN”. Gus and Bigger go to Doc’s pool hall to meet their friends Jack and G. H. Bigger asks them to join a game for which Gus is paying, and they all laugh. Bigger laughs along, but because he is broke he worries that the joke is on him. He brings up the plan to rob Mr. Blum and accuses his friends of being too fearful to carry out the plan. Jack and G. H. agree to do the job, but Gus keeps quiet. Bigger accuses Gus of being afraid to rob a white man and hates Gus for that fear. Inside, however, Bigger feels this fear himself. Gus remains silent until Bigger snaps, shouting and swearing at Gus. Gus blames Bigger’s bad temper for causing most of the gang’s troubles and accuses Bigger of being afraid himself. Bigger becomes furious and threatens to hit Gus. Finally, Gus agrees to the plan to rob Blum. While Bigger struggles to control his impulse to fight Gus, the four agree to meet at Doc’s at three o’clock to carry out the robbery. G. H. takes Gus away from the pool hall.

NATIVE SON: CHAPTER TWO

Chapter 2 starts after he slams the door on page 12, and the chapter should end on page 15. The chapter should be called “FLY LIKE A BIRD”. The chapter should be called “FLY LIKE A BIRD” because Bigger feel as though he should kill himself or someone else or rob people. And when people fell that why they feel as though they should fly away to a better place. Bigger and his friends have a plan to rob a deli owned by a white man named Mr. Blum. The gang did other robberies, but never one against a white man, partly because Bigger knows that white policemen are largely unconcerned with black-on-black crimes. Robbing a white man would mean entering new territory, “a symbolic challenge” to white rule.
Bigger’s friend Gus meets him on the street and they watch an airplane write out an advertisement in white smoke. Bigger states that he could fly a plane if he were given the chance. Gus agrees that Bigger could, but only if he had some money and were not black. Bigger complains that whites will not let blacks do anything, and he feels as though he is living in prison.
Gus and Bigger play out being white. Gus and Bigger act out a skit in which the president wants to keep the “niggers” under control. After the acting, Bigger tells Gus that something bad is going to happen to him. Gus agrees when Bigger says that he can feel the presence of whites inside himself. Whenever he thinks of white people, he has the sensation that a fire is burning in his stomach and feels that he might do something uncontrollable.

NATIVE SON: CHAPTER ONE

The first chapter ends when bigger slams the door on page 12. The chapter should be called “TRAUMA”. Bigger hates his family because of their poverty and suffering and because he feels there is nothing he can do to help them. He believes that he cannot afford to let himself feel their shame and misery too strongly without also feeling the urge to kill himself or someone else. He has cultivated a façade of outer toughness to protect himself from the unbearable pressure he feels as a result of his family’s social position.
Bigger’s mother sings a spiritual while preparing breakfast—a song that annoys Bigger. She begins to prod Bigger about a job he has been offered with a man named Mr. Dalton. She tells him that if he takes the job, the family will be able to move to a nicer apartment. If he does not, he will lose his relief money and the family will starve. Resentment builds in Bigger, as he feels that his family is tricking him into giving up. Frustrated by his narrow range of choices, he storms out of the room and into the building’s vestibule, where he broods while watching the traffic through the window. And that’s where the chapter ends.